Ree fractionation, mineral speciation, and supergene enrichment of the bear lodge carbonatites, wyoming, usa. Mineralogy and geochemistry of biologicallymediated gold. Gene set enrichment analysis university of washington. It was mainly controlled by initial intrusions probably at 36 to 33 ma through mineralization last major hydrothermal event at 31 ma to postmineral brecciation and offset by the west fault system. Precious metal grades decline moving away from feeder structures and there has been significant supergene enrichment of gold in the oxide zone. Geology and origin of supergene ore at the lavrion pb. The supergene blanket extends up to 200 m laterally beyond a vertical projection of the upper enrichment at the same grade level. The assayed genes are ordered according to some criterion say a two sample ttest. Supergene enrichment how natural processes have transformed lowgrade copper mineralization into economic ores by david f. In my own collages viagra at anytime viagra use this link to protection adult diaper free just two fingers can may radiate to the. In order for supergene enrichment to occur, oxidation of the surface minerals must occur. Supergene sulfide enrichment, in geology, natural upgrading of buried sulfide deposits by the secondary or subsequent deposition of metals that are dissolved as sulfates in waters percolating through the oxidized mineral zone near the surface. Residual deposits, secondary enrichment and uranium in. Supergene enrichment of copper deposits since the onset of modern hyperaridity in the atacama desert, chile article pdf available in mineralium deposita 445.
The paroo station mine supergene lead deposits, western. Gene set enrichment analysis department of statistics. Geology of casino porphyry coppermolybdenum deposit, dawson. Chalcopyrite is the main ore mineral of copper, large low grade or deposits are formed by igneous processes. Hypogene definition of hypogene by the free dictionary. Cooper school of earth sciences, university of bristol cosupervisor. Gene set enrichment analysis of rnaseq data with the seqgsea package xi wang 1. Copper added to this zone was extracted from up to 500 ft. Neglecting the evidence of supergene enrichment, weathering and leaching of sulfides at surface and enrichment of copper at depths exceeding 100 feet 30 meters, observations to date also suggest that the vein systems have a primary zonation, with specular hematite indicating oxidizing hydrothermal fluids near surface, with openspace. Online pharmacy no prescription price of viagra tablets.
For each gene set s, a kolmogorovsmirnov running sum is computed. Supergene enrichment, preserved because the area is unglaciated, probably occurred mainly in the paleogene and resulted in an increase in the grade of copper by an average factor of 1. Rab drilling and rab geochemistry continued from page 1 figure 2. Or you can look at things like interactions between proteins and then see is there an enrichment for a particular set of interactions among the genes that you found to be differentially expressed.
Chalcopyrite is the main ore mineral of copper, large low grade or. Secondary enrichment supergene enrichment is not an ore forming process but an ore concentrating process. Definition weathering processes and supergene ore deposits conditions that influence supergene enrichment ideal starting material zones. Pdf supergene enrichment of copper deposits since the onset. The leached capping commonly displays a sharp contact with an underlying copperrich supergene enrichment blanket that contains chalcocite, digenite, and kaolinite, forming light gray rocks e. Supergene enriched, intrusion related low suphidation deposit. Gene set enrichment analysis classa classb genes ranked by expression correlation to class a running sum.
Whereas in the past each gene product was studied individually to assign it functions and roles in. Additionally, the ore deposit must contain iron sulfides. Anatomy, evolution, and metallogenic significance of the supergene orebody. Really its any previously defined set of genes that has some function that you care about you can use for a gene set enrichment analysis. While later research provided increasingly younger ages based on sedimentology hartley et al. Miller nerc isotope geosciences lab, british geological survey. Gold in the supergene zones is commonly crystalline with octahedral shapes and. Morphology of zoning gossans and cappings oxidation and solution in. Gene set enrichment analysis solves problems by using sets of genes sets come from prior biological knowledge.
Supergene sulfide enrichment, also called secondary enrichment, in geology, natural upgrading of buried sulfide deposits by the secondary or subsequent deposition of metals that are dissolved as sulfates in waters percolating through the oxidized mineral zone near the surface. The supergene blanket extends up to 200 m laterally beyond a vertical projection of the upper enrichment at the same grade level of 1% pb indicating some lateral pb transport. Gene set enrichment analysis gsea is a computational method that determines whether an a priori defined set of genes shows statistically significant, concordant differences between two biological states e. The supergene enrichment of gold in deposits may take place by a simple mechanical process, by chemical means, or by a combination of these.
Rab drilling and rab geochemistry an australian perspective. Nov 01, 2010 read invisible silver and gold in supergene digenite cu 1. Regions covered include many different settings and an eclectic range of topics. Supergene gold mobility in orogenic gold deposits, otago schist. In ore deposit geology, hypogene processes occur deep below the earths surface, and tend to form deposits of primary minerals, as opposed to supergene processes that occur at or near the surface, and tend to form secondary minerals. Characteristics of supergene copper oxides mineralization in. The gold accumulated within supergene enrichment zones as coarser grained particles, including some centimetre scale nuggets 19,25. Gene set enrichment analysis of rnaseq data with the seqgsea. This publication brings together 12 papers and 3 abstracts of talks presented at the seg symposium, advances in the understanding of supergene processes, convened by m.
Porphyry copper deposits result from the complex interactions and feedbacks of many processes. The ore thus enriched forms the secondary, or supergene sulfide, zone and overlies the primary, or hypogene, zone. Rareearth element cerium is actually the 25th most abundant element in earths crust, having 68 parts per million about as common as copper. The enrichment zones, generally, can be geochemically divided into three intensities of development based on mineralogic and paragentic relationships as strong, moderate, and weak enrichment. Combining paragenetic information, mineral chemistry and the data pertaining to the. Czehura, montana resources, llp, butte, mt abstract the butte quartz monzonite is the host rock for early porphyry copper style mineralization and subsequent mesothermalepithermal, enargitegold style veining that transects the district. Sillitoe and others published supergene oxidized and enriched porphyry copper and related deposits find, read and cite. Supergene nonsulfide ores form from the weathering of sulfide mineralization. Production occurred soon after glasgow and western. A zone of supergene gold enrichment is located above the kanowna belle deposit in a thin variably developed blanket over a 600m by 250m area. Definition weathering processes and supergene ore deposits conditions. Supergene enrichment of precious metals by natural. These factors were mapped by combining the interpretation of geophysical data, geological mapping, drilling results. Crustal shortening and porphyry copper mineralization in the.
The first and most important factor is the parent rock e. Metals that have been leached from the oxidized ore are carried downward by percolating groundwater, and react with hypogene sulfides at the supergene hypogene boundary. Supergene processes and enrichment supergene processes are controlled by three basic factors. Geospatial mapping of singhbhum shear zone ssz with. Multiphase origin of the cuco ore deposits in the western part of. Schematic diagram of typical yilgarn mineralised weathering zone showing distribution of supergene enrichment zones in relation to regolith units and hypogene ore shoots modified after mann, 1998. Tectonic and climatic controls on porphyry copper enrichment. Pdf supergene enrichment of copper deposits since the onset of.
Evenstar school of earth sciences, university of bristol cosupervisor. The upper and middle zones, commonly separated by a few metres of lowpb clay siltstones, merge together in the central part of the deposit. Supergene oxidized and enriched porphyry copper and related. Combining geophysical data with geologic mapping for gold.
Minerals free fulltext mineralogy and geochemistry of. In some ways the ideas here are quite similar to those that the usual hypergeomtric testing is based on. Pdf supergene enrichment of cu deposits in the atacama desert has played a critical role in making this the prime cuproducing province of. Gene set enrichment analysis of rnaseq data with the. At great depth the pressure is high, and water can remain liquid at temperatures well above 100 c. Supergene enrichment processes in porphyry systems. Anatomy, evolution, and metallogenic significance of the. Oxidation and secondary enrichment of gold deposits. An investigation into supergene silver enrichment at the rochester. Profile is drawn as though buried without stripping. The reaction produces secondary sulfides with metal contents higher than those of the primary. First, the enrichment may be primarily the result of the. Enrichment analysis an overview of bioset ranking algorithms for genomic analysis. The supergene sulfide mineral assemblages in ancient deposits.
The basic idea behind gene set enrichment analysis is that we want to use prede. Harraz presentation supergene enrichment 2 outline of topic 9. The ore mineralogy of the supergene blanket is dominated by chalcocite digenite covellite rimming pyrite. Nevertheless, supergene silver enrichment certainly occurred at rochester and resulted in high grade zones. Invisible silver and gold in supergene digenite cu 1. Definition of supergene enrichment a mineral deposition process in which nearsurface oxidation produces acidic solutions that leach metals, carry them downward, and reprecipitate them, thus enriching sulfide minerals already present. A read is counted each time someone views a publication summary such as the title, abstract, and list of authors, clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the fulltext. It is very important for increasing the grade of otherwise uneconomic copper deposits.
Calculation of an enrichment score es for each functional category 2. Metals that have been leached from the oxidized ore are carried downward by percolating groundwater, and react with hypogene sulfides at the supergenehypogene boundary. Cerro verdesanta rosa coppermolybdenum deposits, peru. The most abundant supergene sulfide mineral is chalcocite that displays both sooty and steel glance habits. Definitions definition from evans leaching of valuable elements from the upper parts of mineral deposits and their precipitation at depth to produce higher concentrations definition from guilbert and park supergene enrichment occurs when oxidizing acids dissolve metal ions from the protore and redeposited it in more. Tectonic and climatic controls on porphyry copper enrichment in the central andes main supervisor. Supergene enrichment occurs at the base of the oxidized portion of an ore deposit. The supergene enrichment zone typically occurs 35m above the primary deposit at the transition between completely oxidised and transitional material. Increase when gene is in set decrease otherwise function 1 e. Only the highly unstable and radioactive promethium rare earth is quite scarce. The products of this shortterm and small scale gold mobility are different from longterm supergene enrichment of gold in the basement that has been enhancing gold particle sizes via inorganic processes since the cretaceous, with some centimetre scale nugget formation figure 2a. Supergene definition of supergene by the free dictionary. Ree fractionation, mineral speciation, and supergene.
Hence not only the iron have high carbon when he was in very brittle they these problems he put even spiritual concepts of. Chuquicamata, in northern chile, is the worlds greatest orebody. Whereas in the past each gene product was studied individually to assign it functions and roles in biological processes, there now exist tools. The evolution of supergene enrichment in the morenci by. The facies are defined by hydrologic regimes in the vadose zone, in.
Consequently, this descriptive model uses a working definition of a porphyry copper deposit. Mineral deposition in the supergene ore took place under near. After assessing topographic and structural controls, and direct magnetic anomalism, a number of exploration targets, of both hypogene and supergene enrichment styles, were located. Read invisible silver and gold in supergene digenite cu 1. In addi tion, by combining the satellite images with layers contain. Owing to the complexity, a succinct definition that includes the essential attributes of this deposit class is elusive. The mineral assemblages of supergene enrichment zones and their related gossans for a selected group of vms deposits are presented in table 121. The upper limit of the enrichment ranges from sharp with the overlying leached capping to a transition zone over tens of meters consisting of chalcanthite, chalcocite, and chrysocolla into the oxidized copper deposits.
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